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A few years back we had a drought here in central New Jersey. While I have rain barrels, this made me realize I'd like to have another source of water to rely on for crops, if needed. Thereafter, I started researching and build three ponds here on the farm. Two are retention ponds, one is a catchment pond. Learn the difference, how I use these ponds, how I installed them, and how I keep the water algae and mosquito free without pumps.  I hate buying vegetable broth or stock. I find most store-bought versions contain bell peppers which, to me, overpowers the taste of my recipes. I end up with bell pepper-flavored soups, etc. and I can't stand it! Not to mention they're often loaded with unnecessary ingredients or preservatives. And cost more than they should. Making my own vegetable broth is super easy and I use onion, carrot, and celery straight from my garden as the trinity of flavors. This trinity is referred to as "Mirepoix" in French cooking; the aromatic blend created when combining these three vegetables.
I prefer to make bulk batches of beans and vegetable stock all at once. With the equipment and ingredients already at hand, I figure it's wise to just make it all in the same session rather than bit by bit. This is a bulk recipe for large stock pots. You can use multiple pots to accommodate the recipe or cut in half if needed. The skin of the onion and garlic are left on as they contain many minerals and nutrients beneficial to human health. They also serve as a coloring agent. INGREDIENTS 10 gallon stock pot filled 3/4 of the way full with water (roughly 7.5 gallons) 2 onions, quartered, skin on (may also use 2 cups chopped shallots or leeks) 1 bunch celery leaves, coarsely chopped 4-5 carrots, washed and halved 6 cloves of garlic, pressed, paper on salt and pepper DIRECTIONS Combine the water and remaining ingredients into the stock pot. Season with salt and pepper generously. Bring to a boil and then reduce to a simmer. Allow to simmer for 30 minutes. While cooking, and once the vegetables are softened, occasionally mash the contents of the pot with a potato masher. This releases more flavor from the vegetables into the stock. While broth is simmering, sterilize and warm pint-sized canning jars. This recipe yields roughly 25 pints of stock. This may be a good time to prep your pressure canner according to canner directions. Once the stock has finished simmering, remove from heat and ladle spoonfuls of stock through a mesh sieve or strainer into the canning jars. Leave 1/2" of headspace in each jar. Wipe the rim of every jar before adding new lids and bands. The bands should be finger tight. Place the jars of stock into the pressure canner. The processing time is 20 minutes at 10 pounds of pressure. Adjust to accommodate your altitude according to canner instructions. Because my canner only fits 16 pints at a time, I pressure canned my 25 jars in separate batches. Once the pressure canning process is completed, jars should be allowed to cool and set on a towel-lined countertop for 24 hours. Ensure all jars are well sealed before storing in a cool, dry location. This stock should be consumed within one year. Yields: Roughly 25 pints of stock This is a pressure canning recipe, not to be substituted with water canning or processing.  This easy 2-ingredient glaze is way better than store bought. I use it on paninis, mozzarella, caprese salads, pizzas, and even on grilled peaches for a summer dessert. Best of all, we are lucky enough to use our own farm fresh raw honey.
INGREDIENTS 2 tablespoons honey 1 cup balsamic vinegar DIRECTIONS Combine the honey and the vinegar in a small saucepan. Whisk to combine. Bring to a simmer and continue simmering for 12-15 minutes, whisking occasionally. Remove from heat and allow to cool. Once cooled, stir the glaze. If a thicker reduction is desired, bring to a simmer and cook for 3-4 minutes more. Once fully cooled, store the balsamic reduction in an airtight bottle or jar in the refrigerator for up to 3 weeks.  Calendula is well known within the homesteading community for its medicinal properties. While beautiful and certainly a staple for many home apothecaries, this plant pulls its weight in the garden too. It's not traditionally considered a permaculture powerhouse, however, calendula definitely has much to offer.
Varieties shown: Ivory Princess, Bronzed Beauty, Sunset Buff
 I grow perennial plants here on the permaculture farm for many reasons. They absorb more carbon from the atmosphere than annuals, they have extensive root systems that enrich soil, benefit microbes, and prevent erosion. Perennials require less labor by way of planting each spring and come back with bigger and better harvests after planting. They create amazing homes for birds, insects, and other local wildlife which are all important to the homestead ecosystem. So many perennials perform these tasks plus offer edible harvests and medicinal uses.
Elderberry and aronia berries are such perennials that we grow here at Axe & Root. Elderberry has been well studied, and provides the immune system with support during cold and flu season when taken as a syrup; specifically with regard to viruses. While it does not prevent infection, it has been shown to reduce severity and duration of a virus. You can find one such study here. Aronia berries are full of polyphenols and antioxidants. They have been found to support the body's immune system, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, surpass other common berries in terms of Vitamin C and antioxidant levels. You can find a general study overview here. In this recipe, our own homestead honey is added as a thickening agent and as a sweetener. Most folks know that honey, especially when raw and organic, is an amazing antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral ingredient. Elderberry syrup is easy to prepare and a common cold and flu household remedy. But when combined with aronia berries, a more potent and impactful syrup can be created. Here's the recipe I've created based on research and taste testing for my own home apothecary. INGREDIENTS 3 cups filtered water 2/3 cup dried elderberries 1/3 cup dried aronia berries 1 cinnamon stick 1 cup raw organic honey DIRECTIONS Combine water, elderberries, aronia berries, and cinnamon stick in a small saucepot. Bring to a boil, then reduce to a simmer. Allow to simmer, covered, for about 30 minutes or until the syrup has reduced by half. Remove the syrup from heat and allow to cool fully. Strain the liquid into a large container and discard the solids into the compost heap. Add the raw honey to the syrup mixture and whisk well to combine. Divide the syrup into airtight storage jars. Store in the refrigerator for three to four weeks. DOSAGE For Prevention Adults: 1 tablespoon once daily / Children over the age of 2: 1 teaspoon once daily During a virus Adults 1 tablespoon every 12 hours / Children over the age of 2: 1 teaspoon 2x daily Note: Please talk to your doctor if you are pregnant or nursing before taking elderberry syrup, or if you are taking any medications, or have any health concerns. Please do not feed syrup to children under the age of two years old.  The very first thing I learned to can was homemade apple sauce. But I had my sights set on making all of our tomato products from homegrown tomatoes. I just needed to get more comfortable with a water bath canner first and get my fear of botulism out of the way. After canning more apples that I could count that fall, I started loads of tomato plants from seed the following spring. That summer I canned tomato sauce for the first time and haven't looked back since. The fear of food poisoning by way of poorly processed tomato sauce is real. But with the right acidity by way of BOTTLED lemon juice (fresh lemon juice is too variable), a safe acidity for canning is achieved. Combine that with cooking your stored sauce for 20-25 minutes after opening and using in recipes, and you'll be sure to kill any little botulism spores that may be lingering in your tomato product. Obviously, any cans of sauce that may become unsealed, appear bubbly on the shelf, or that smell like feet upon opening should be discarded ASAP. This tutorial shows I make my sauce EVERY SINGLE TIME. You can use as many tomatoes as you like. Two 9x13" casserole dishes of cut and prepped tomatoes usually makes about 8 pints of sauce. Be sure to adjust processing times if required based on your altitude.
 Many gardeners and growers hear the word "comfrey" and they run the other direction. Not to worry--the comfrey I am recommending and use commonly in my growing spaces is Russian Comfrey, a plant that produces sterile seed. This strain of comfrey does not spread nor become invasive but, rather, grows upright like an ornamental shrub. I use it heavily throughout my farm for its ridiculous amount of value and function. Comfrey is celebrated by permaculture growers around the world because it offers the following: NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION Comfrey has a strong and deep taproot system that mines nutrients from deep within the soil's sublayers. These roots draw those nutrients upwards, into more shallow soil layers, making them accessible for nearby plants. CHOP AND DROP MULCH Comfrey stores much of the nutrients that it mines in its leaves and stems. Combine this with the fact that comfrey can get tall and benefits from pruning. There you have the recipe for a perfect chop and drop plant. Simply cut the foliage back to an inch or so above the soil line and spread the leaves and stems as you would mulching straw over your growing soil. As the leaves decay they add organic matter back into the soil, attracting earthworms and other decomposers, and release their nutrients into the topsoil. MEDICINAL USES
If you practice herbal medicine or keep a home apothecary, there are loads of uses for comfrey. This plant has been used for centuries for inflammation, swelling, and its other many healing properties. POLLINATOR ATTRACTOR Comfrey boasts beautiful little bell-shaped blossoms in a pink-purple hue. These little flowers are hugely attractive and beneficial to honeybees and native pollinators. They also attract beneficial wasps and other predatory insects. Naturally, if planted in your garden, pollinators will be sure to visit food crop blossoms as well, increasing your crop yield. REPELLER Some folks have a difficult time with comfrey when it comes to contact dermatitis. The plants have fine hairs on their leaves and stems which can cause irritation. This is why many deer, rabbits, and other critters find it to be repulsive. When comfrey is interplanted with fruit and vegetable crops, it tends to deter wildlife looking for a snack. BIOMASS Comfrey grows quickly. I'm easily able to cut the plant back for use as a mulch three to four times in one season. The foliage is thick and this rapid production makes comfrey an excellent contributor of biomass (biological matter) to the soil when applied as mulch. FERTILIZER Compost tea is a popular method for fertilizing a garden without synthetic additives. The same approach can be taken with comfrey leaves. Simply chop and macerate comfrey leaves and place in a five-gallon bucket. Fill with unchlorinated water. Allow to steep for several days, until the contents are smelly and sludgy (gross, I know). This concentrate will need to be diluted to 1 part comfrey tea to 10 parts water. Use a watering can or weed sprayer to apply to your soil, stems, and plant leaves. WEED SUPPRESSION Due to the thick and full growth habit of comfrey, weeds are quickly and easily choked out. I use comfrey in my garden, in my tree guilds, and in my food forest growing spaces. Weeds have yet to grow up and through this hardy crop. PROPAGATION Comfrey is in demand as many growers turn to more natural methods of farming. Because comfrey is so vigorous, it can easily regenerate itself from a small root cutting. Simply digging up roots, separating them, and repotting can result in loads of new plants. This creates a steady supply for the homestead with plenty to sell for a profit. COMPOST HEAP ACTIVATION Because comfrey is so nutrient rich and an excellent source of biomass, it can contribute to the compost heap. When comfrey is included in the pile, some folks believe it actually heats up the entire heap faster, making compost more readily available in a shorter amount of time. It also passes all of the nutrients it has absorbed into the pile.  I grow lots of blossoms alongside my food crops. Rather than segregate food and flowers, they’re woven together. I use herbs and flowers often as companions interplanted with my food (you can find many posts in the "permaculture" and "growing" categories based on companion plant benefits and specifics). But in this post, I wanted to talk about my approach or method of gardening which is my "layered permaculture garden method." I call it a layering method because I sow calendula, for example, in the spring alongside veggies. As the first layer of veggies reach maturity, the second layer (the calendula) is still small but supporting the food crops. By the time spring veggies are spent and done, the second layer of flowers reaches full height. The second layer shrouds any gaps from the first layer, protecting the soil. This means I often plant veggies and herbs first and wait a week or two before adding in some flower varieties to fill gaps in the spring. This ensures the growth rate of the flowers doesn’t crowd out and suppress food crops.   As for layering a third and fourth planting, I absolutely do this come mid-summer. When I'm ready to plant for fall harvests in mid-July through August, crops like beets, carrots, fennel, greens, kale, broccoli, and other brassicas are inserted amongst the flowers. The permaculture benefit of planting seedlings this way is huge. Often the scent of many flowering herbs like oregano, lavender, nasturtium, basil, etc., is enough to deter cabbage moths and other pests. Conversely, beneficial insects are attracted to the blooms surrounding the crops, which increases pollination of veggie blossoms. Parasitic wasps are drawn to the garden and prey on any "bad bugs" loitering within. This leaves my new veggies protected while they grow. Cold loving flowers like calendula can be seeded as a fourth layer a few weeks after the third layer is planted.
As for the flowers that I choose, I go for self-seeding annuals for less work, like nigella, borage, chamomile and calendula. I heavily use perennials like lavender, non-invasive tansy, sterile comfrey, verbascum, speedwell, coneflower, foxglove, daisies, yarrow, rudbeckia, anemone, and roses to name a few. The benefits of perennials are many to the overall homestead ecosystem including increased carbon absorption by way of their woody plant tissues, their deep root networks which increase soil fertility, the fact that you don't have to replant them each year, the concept of them coming back and bigger and more full each season, and the many uses most of these perennials provide from edible rose petals to medicinal yarrow.  Let’s talk about another permaculture powerhouse plant that’s actually in the same family as comfrey. It’s borage and, hopefully, after reading below, you’ll add it to your growing space too. :)
There are said to be loads of medicinal benefits of BORAGE. If you’re into the home apothecary, this may help an excellent plant to research.   In Italy, a common menu item is Potato Pizza. While it may be an unusual topping choice in the United States, it's so delicious. I've broken up the carb fest by adding zucchini slices, shallots, and nothing more than rosemary, salt and pepper. This is a "white pizza" or a sauceless pie. Olive oil and an optional drizzle of balsamic reduction are all that's needed. This recipe is perfect for outdoor summer grilling when it's too hot to cook indoors, though I've included oven baking instructions also. Serve as a dinner or as an appetizer to a larger group.
FOR THE CRUST 1 + 1/3 cup water, room temperature 2 teaspoons active dry yeast 3 + 1/4 cups all purpose flour 1/2 teaspoon salt FOR THE TOPPINGS 4 large fingerling potatoes (or new spring small potatoes), washed and dried 3 cups water 1 teaspoon salt 1 zucchini 1 shallot, thinly sliced Olive oil for drizzling Dried rosemary to taste (I use about one tablespoon) Salt and pepper Balsamic reduction for drizzling (optional) Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, shredded (optional) Directions In a large mixing bowl combine the water and yeast. Stir with a fork and allow to sit undisturbed for 10 minutes. Add the flour and salt and stir to combine until a shaggy dough forms. Cover with a towel and rise 30 minutes. Meanwhile prep the toppings. Using a mandolin slicer or the slicing side of a box grater, thinly slice the potatoes. Place the potato slices in a small bowl with the water and one teaspoon of salt. Mix well. Allow the potatoes to soak. Thinly slice the zucchini using the mandolin or box grater and set aside. Take the pizza dough out of the bowl and turn out onto a floured work surface. Quickly knead until a smooth dough is formed. Divide the dough into two equal portions for a thick crust pizza, or four sections for a cracker crust. If grilling your pizza, heat the grill now. If baking, heat the oven to 425°F. On a piece of parchment paper sprinkled with flour, roll out one section of dough to your desired thickness. Keep in mind the size of the grill grates or your baking oven to ensure it fits. Repeat rolling out your remaining crusts on their own parchment paper sheets. Drizzle olive oil over each of the crusts and spread around evenly with a pastry brush or your hand. Drain the potatoes from their soaking water. Place the potato slices into a mixing bowl along with the zucchini slices, shallot, dried rosemary, and desired amount of salt and pepper. Gently stir to coat the vegetables. Carefully top the crusts of your pizzas with the potato and zucchini mixture. Try to form an even layer from edge to edge. Using a pizza peel or flat cooking sheet, transfer the pizza with the parchment paper into the oven or onto the grill. COOKING ON THE GRILL If grilling, turn the heat down to medium and close the lid. The parchment paper may char a bit—not to worry. Check after four minutes and continue to cook if a darker crust is desired. Check often. When the crust is finished, pull the pizza. If your vegetables are not darkened to your liking, pop the pizza in the oven under a broiler until golden brown. Remove and drizzle with balsamic reduction and cheese if you like! COOKING IN THE OVEN Bake the pizza for 10 minutes. The parchment paper may char a bit—not to worry. Check your pizza. If a darker crust or vegetables are desired continue to cook. Remove and drizzle with balsamic reduction and cheese if you like!  |
Angela is the farmer and content creator behind Axe & Root Homestead® LLC. This historic six-acre permaculture farm is home to two Clydesdale horses, ten honeybee hives, five sheep, two guardian dogs, barn cats and a flock of 40 geese and ducks. The farm produces maple syrup, fruit from a small orchard and loads of garden produce for consumption, preservation and donation to the local food pantry.
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